Abstract
This article explores the relationship between uncertainty in armed conflict, the use of artificial intelligence (AI), and the content of international law. It first provides a review of different types of conflict-related uncertainty, both internal to the party to conflict and external, and considers the interaction between these existing uncertainties and the use of AI. In so doing, it also explores the new uncertainties that can be introduced through AI. Second, it analyzes national submissions on military uses of AI and autonomous weapons to outline the uncertainties raised by States and their relevance for regulatory approaches to the use of AI in armed conflict. Finally, it turns to the law and assesses how international humanitarian law and international human rights law regulate decision-making in conditions of uncertainty–-through positive obligations to dissipate such uncertainty and through negative obligations demanding abstention from attack.
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