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  Latin American Security Challenges

  Paul D. Taylor

  Two major trends in recent years have altered the context of discussions of security issues in the Western Hemisphere and made new assessments imperative. The first trend is the erosion of the euphoria of the early 1990s, when the apparent success of elections in most countries of the Americas seemed to herald a new democratic era, and market-oriented economic reforms promised greater prosperity throughout the region. Regrettably, the past decade has seen a profound disillusionment, as the promises of freedom, prosperity, and greater social and economic progress have not been realized at a rate sufficient to convince citizens that their societies are on the right path. In some Latin American countries, in fact, indexes of economic and social development are stuck where they were fifteen years ago.

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  The Third Battle

  Owen R. Cote Jr.

  Since the beginning of the twentieth century, submarines have been the weapon of choice for weaker naval powers that wish to contest a dominant power's control of the seas or its ability to project power ashore from the sea. This is because submarines have been and are likely to remain the weapon system with the highest leverage in a battle for control of the ocean surface. Hence, antisubmarine warfare (ASW) will always re-main the most important element of the U.S. Navy's core mission-sea control.

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  Military Transformation and the Defense Industry after Next

  Peter J. Dombrowski, Eugene Gholz, and Andrew L. Ross

  Though still adjusting to the end of the Cold War, the defense industry is now confronted with the prospect of military transformation. Since the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, many firms have seen business improve in response to the subsequent large increase in the defense budget. But in the longer run, the defense sector's military customers intend to reinvent themselves for a future that may require the acquisition of unfamiliar weapons and support systems.

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  The Limits of Transformation

  Thomas G. Mahnken and James R. FitzSimonds

  In the shadow of the recent Iraq war, it is easy to accept that “growth and diffusion of stealth, precision, and information technology” has truly heralded the long-awaited revolution in military affairs. American leaders—from the President to the Pentagon military and civilian leadership—have called for dramatic transformation of each of the services to fit this revolution. In many ways, this is a far harder task.

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  International Environmental Law and Naval War

  Sonja Ann Jozef Boelaert-Suominen

  The relationship between peacetime human activities and the environment is in the stage of advanced public debate and scholarly attention, and much progress has been made in recent years regarding the development of appropriate instruments and institutions pertaining to the protection of the environment in peacetime.

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  Sailing New Seas

  Paul J. Reason and David G. Freymann

  This Newport paper presents the ideas of one of the Navy's most senior leaders. Admiral Reason's topic is the course the United States Navy should steer in the "typhoon of change" characterizing today's and tomorrow's world. Admiral Reason proposes a new way to think about the fleet as a whole, one that discards the "industrial age model" in favor of the "flight deck paradigm" of a high-performance organization operating at the edge of chaos.

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  Theater Ballistic Missile Defense From the Sea

  Charles C. Swicker

  A sense of urgency informs Theater Ballistic Missile Defense from the Sea: Issues for the Maritime Component Commander. Theater ballistic missiles armed with chemical, biological, or nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) will be acquired and deployed by hostile forces in the developing world, posing an imminent threat to the us. and coalition forces that must operate in that world. The gravity of this evolving threat is recognized in our national military strategy.

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  The International Legal Ramification of United States Counter-Proliferation Strategy

  Frank Gibson Goldman

  In this Newport Paper, Frank G. Goldman questions the adequacy of traditional nonproliferation strategies to deter the spread of nuclear weapons. While the subject is sensitive and the proposed solution perhaps radical, Mr. Goldman's argument is one that merits discussion.

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  What Color Helmet?

  Myron H. Nordquist

  Dr. Nordquist's study reviews past peacekeeping operations and the aspects of the Charter of the United Nations that govern the use of force. He proposes that, given the end of the Cold War, distinctions in the UN Charter framework between traditional peacekeeping and enforcement actions can and ought to be reflected in future Security Council peacekeeping mandates.

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  Chaos Theory: The Essential for Military Applications

  James E. Glenn

  I take great pleasure in presenting a remarkable addition to our Newport Papers series. While Major Glenn E. James, the author, received support and assistance from sources within his own service, the U.S. Air Force, the final research and the paper itself are the products of his term in the Advanced Research Program at the Naval War College. This paper typifies the quality of work and capabilities of our students from all the services here at the College. It is an excellent example of the benefits we derive from the close collaboration between our academic and research departments.

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  A Doctrine Reader: The Navies of United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Spain

  James J. Tritten and Luigi Donolo

  In March 1993. the United States Navy and Marine Corps established the Naval Doctrine Command as the primary authority for the development of naval concepts and integrated naval doctrine. It has several specific roles-serving as the coordinating authority for the development and evaluation of Navy service-unique doctrine. providing a coordinated Navy-Marine Corps voice in joint and combined doctrine development. and ensuring that naval and joint doctrine are addressed in training and education curricula and in operations. exercises. and war games.

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  Physics and Metaphysics of Deterrence

  Myron A. Greenberg

  The principal findings of this study are that Great Britain's search for an independent nuclear deterrent was waged with a purposeful dedication that wedded highly effective statecraft and brilliant, innovative nuclear engineering to produce a strategic nuclear deterrent that remained under her sovereign control. Because Britain's efforts in this area were so often achieved in the face of United States' opposition, Britain's subsequent utilization of her deterrent capability as an instrument to secure American support, notwithstanding that opposition, ought to be considered an example of successful policy management. The product of this effort has been the Anglo-American "special relation-ship" in nuclear weapons.

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  Mission in the East: The building of an Army in a Democracy in the new German States

  Mark E. Victorson

  At Midnight on 2 October 1990 the German Democratic Republic (GDR) ceased to exist. The following day the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Bundeswehr, took control of the personnel, equipment, and installations of what had been the National People's Army (Nationale Volksarmee or NVA). By any reckoning this was a massive undertaking and one of great historical significance. It was massive because of the sheer amount of equipment, ammunition, and acreage for which the Bundeswehr found itself responsible in the new federal states, and it was historic because soldiers who had faced each other across a deep ideological divide for over thirty years would now be serving together.

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  Beyond Mahan: Proposal for U.S Naval Strategy in the 21st Century

  Gary Anderson

  The momentous events of 1989-1991 marked the end of the Soviet Union and, as a result, its threat to the interests of the free world. One of those free-world interests was—and is—the ability to use the planet's seas and oceans on all lawful occasions. Another is not to be threatened by hostile seaborne forces.

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  The Burden of Trafalgar: Decisive Battle and Naval Strategic Expectations on the Eve of the First World War

  Jan S. Breemer

  On the afternoon of 31 May 1916, the British grand fleet and the German High Sea Fleet met in the only massed battle fleet action of the First World War. After a series of exchanges that lasted some twelve hours, both sides, in what became known as the Battle of Jutland, broke off battle and failed to engage each other again. The German decision was prompted by the unexpected appearance of the Grand Fleet's superior number of battleships; Admiral Sir John Jellicoe's decision not to pursue his fleeing opponent stemmed from his fear of running into a torpedo trap. Both sides claimed victory.

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  Global War Game

  Bud Hay and Bob Gile

  This report deals with practical issues and major themes as identified during the first Global War Game (GWG) Series. Its focus is on various general topics, specific force employment issues, and game histories. Because of the interplay among many themes and issues, some repetition is included to provide a more complete discussion.

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  Toward A Pax Universalis

  Gary Anderson

  The centerpiece of the new U.S. strategy for the "New World Order" is strategic reserve called the Crisis Response Force, designed to replace many aspects of our current forward defense. This study examines whether strong, standing strategic reserve is appropriate to the American situation in the coming decade; it proceeds by comparing the overall strategy with live historic case studies of systems that faced similar problems and opportunities. The historic models chosen are the Roman Empire (from the fall of Carthage to A.D. 69; from A.D. 69 to A.D. 306; and from A.D. 306 until the final collapse); the Byzantine Empire; and the British Empire from Waterloo • World War I. The study applies a set of seven criteria to each case and systematically examines the results to find pitfalls and mechanisms which lay have enduring relevance to a postulated future predicted by the 1991 Naval War College Global War Game. The study concludes that, as a possibly extended) transitional stage toward an ideal network of regional coalitions, the new national strategy is realistic and effective-except, significantly. in the Middle East where a "naval bridge" approach should have taken. This study was originally prepared as a report for the Strategy and campaign Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, Naval War College (Strategy and Campaign Report 12-91).

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  The "New" Law of the Sea and The Law of Armed Conflict at Sea

  Horace B. Robertson Jr.

  The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea establishes a regime for the oceans that includes a number of "zones" in addition to the traditional divisions of internal waters, territorial sea, and high seas. Although explicitly applicable only in peacetime, these new zones have a spillover effect on the law of naval warfare, particularly in the relationships between belligerents and neutral States.

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  "Are We Beasts?" Churchill and the Moral Question of World War II "Area Bombing"

  Christopher C. Harmon

  The historical reassessment of the World War II British bombing campaign notes that though in 1940 Churchill declared that he was waging "a military and not a civilian war" to destroy "military objectives" and not "women and children," within eighteen months types would be struck by Bomber Command. The author searches for the reasons in "three contiguous realms" of strategic influence: moral (and legal), political, and military. The study concludes that although for much of the war "area bombing" of cities was a "tragic necessity" meeting the "reasonable man's standard of what was decently allowable given the blunt weapons the Allies had" and the evils faced, nonetheless Allied leaders could have and should have abandoned indiscriminate bombing in the last phases of the conflict, when more precise means were at hand and "Nazi power had been overmatched."